Alejandro Talks About Family. Underline the Word That Best Completes Each Sentence

What is it?
Что это?

Параграф (абзац) представляет собой группу связанных предложений, в которых обсуждается одна (и обычно только одна) основная идея. Параграф может состоять минимум из 1 предложения, максимум, в свою очередь, не ограничен, однако он должен быть достаточно длинным, чтобы четко сформулировать основную идею.

Все параграфы содержат вводное и вспомогательные предложения, а в некоторых абзацах также содержится заключительное предложение.

A paragraph is a group of related sentences that discuss one (and unremarkably only one) master idea. A paragraph can be equally brusk as one judgement or as long as 10 sentences.

The number of sentences is unimportant; however, the paragraph should be long enough to develop the main idea clearly.

All paragraphs have a topic sentence and supporting sentences, and some paragraphs also have a concluding judgement.

What does information technology consist of?
Из чего состоит?

Topic sentence
Вводное предложение

Вводное предложение содержит основную идею параграфа. Однако оно не только обозначает его общую тему, но и ее конкретную специфическую область этой темы – контрольную идею.

Обратите внимание на пример ниже: "золото" – это тема, "две важные характеристики" – контрольная идея, т.е. второе вытекает из первого.

Thetopic judgementstates the main idea of the paragraph. It not but names the topic of the paragraph, just it likewise limits the topic to one specific area that tin can be discussed completely in the space of a unmarried paragraph. The part of the topic sentence that announces the specific expanse to be discussed is chosen thedecision-making idea.

Notice how the topic sentence of the model states both the topic and the controlling thought:

Три вещи характеризуют вводное предложение:

Вводное предложение – это полное предложение: оно содержит хотя бы одно существительное и сказуемое. Также оно почти всегда стоит в начале параграфа.

Вводное предложение содержит как тему, так и контрольную идею. Он называет тему, а затем ограничивает тему определенной областью, которая будет обсуждаться в параграфе.

Как видите, topic sentences часто представляют список из нескольких пунктов. Например, если вам в параграфе нужно перечислить несколько причин, заявите об этом в topic judgement.

Например:There are several reasons for immigrating to Finland, namely the widespread apply of English language, social benefits, and the friendly character of its people.Сразу ясно, о чем и в каком порядке писать в этом параграфе.

Вводное предложение – наиболееобщее в параграфе, поскольку оно дает только основную идею и никаких конкретных подробностей.

Вводное предложение – это как название конкретного блюда в меню. Когда вы заказываете еду в ресторане, вы хотите узнать больше о конкретном блюде, и вам будет недостаточно таких названий как просто «мясо», «суп» или «салат». Вам нужно знать, что это конкретно за салат: может, картофельный салат, овощной или фруктовый? Вам не настолько интересны конкретные ингредиенты, насколько общая информация о блюде.

Вот пример отличного вводного предложения:

Арабское происхождение многих английских слов не всегда очевидно.

А вот следующее предложение является слишком конкретным. Ему больше подойдет роль поддерживающего  предложения, а не вводного:

Сленговое выражение so long («До свидания»), вероятно, является искажением арабского слова "Салама".

А это предложение, напротив, является слишком общим, чтобы быть вводным:

На английский язык оказали влияние многие другие языки.

 Вводное предложение должно иметьлогичные и взаимосвязанные контрольные идеи, которые ограничивают тему определенной областью, например:

Инди-фильмы характеризуютсяэкспериментальными методами,низкими издержками производства ипровокационными темами. – здесь слишком много контрольных идей, тема абзаца будет неясна

Независимые фильмы характеризуютсяэкспериментальными методами. – хорошее вводное предложение

Here are iii important points to remember about a topic sentence:

A topic sentence isa consummate judgement: information technology contains at least one subject and i verb. It is most usually placedat the beginning of a paragraph.
A topic sentence contains botha topic and a controlling idea. It names the topic and then limits the topic to a specific area to be discussed in the space of a single paragraph.

As you may have noted, topic sentences are quite often used when a sure list consisting of several points (reasons, etc.) needs to be presented.

For instance,

There are several reasons for immigrating to Republic of finland, namely the widespread use of English, social benefits, and the friendly character of its people.

This topic sentence makes it articulate what will be discussed in the paragraph and in what social club.

A topic judgement is themost full general statementin the paragraph because it gives only the main idea. It does not give whatsoever specific details.

A topic sentence is like the name of a detail course on a eating house bill of fare. When you lot order food in a eating place, you want to know more about a particular grade than just "meat" or "soup" or "salad." Yous want to know generally what kind of salad it is. Murphy salad? Mixed greenish salad? Fruit salad? However, y'all practise not necessarily desire to know all the ingredients. Similarly, a reader wants to know mostly what to expect in a paragraph, but he or she does not want to learn all the details in the kickoff judgement.

This is a general statement that could serve as a topic judgement:

The Standard arabic origin of many English words is not ever obvious.

The following sentence, on the other mitt, is too specific. It could serve as a supporting sentence merely not every bit a topic judgement:

The slang expression so long (meaning "goodbye") is probably the corruption of the Arabic salaam.

This sentence is too general to be the topic one:

English has been influenced by other languages.

 A topic judgementshould non have unrelated controlling ideas, which limits or controls the topic to a specific surface area that you can discuss in the space of a single paragraph.

e.1000. Indie films are characterized byexperimental techniques,low production costs, andprovocative themes.– too many controlling ideas

Contained films are characterized byexperimental techniques. – good topic sentence

Практика / Exercise

Chore 1. Read the sentences in each group, and decide which sentence is the best topic sentence. Write best TS (for "best topic judgement") on the line next to it. Decide what is wrong with the other sentences. They may be too general, or they may be too specific, or they may be incomplete sentences. Write too general, also specific, or incomplete on the lines next to them.

The first ane has been washed for y'all as an example.

Group 1
_too specific____ a. A lunar eclipse is an omen of a coming disaster.
_too general____ b. Superstitions have been around forever.
_best topic sent._ c. People agree many superstitious beliefs about the moon.
_incomplete____ d. Is fabricated of greenish cheese.

Group ii
a. The history of astronomy is interesting.
b. Water ice age people recorded the appearance of new moons by making scratches in animal bones.
c. For case, Stonehenge in Britain, built 3500 years agone to rail the move of the sun.
d. Ancient people observed and recorded lunar and solar events in different ways.

Group 3
a. It is hard to know which foods are safety to eat present.
b. In some large sea fish, there are high levels of mercury.
c. Undercooked chicken and hamburger may deport Due east. coli leaner.
d. Not to mention mad cow disease.
eastward. Food safety is an important event.

Group 4
a. Hybrid automobiles more economic to operate than gasoline-powered cars.
b. The new hybrid automobiles are very popular.
c. Hybrid cars have good fuel economy considering a estimator nether the hood decides to run the electric motor, the small gasoline engine, or the two together.
d. The new hybrid automobiles are popular considering of their fuel economic system.

Group 5
a. The North American Catawba Indians of the Southeast and the Tlingit of the Northwest both run across the rainbow as a kind of span between heaven and earth.
b. A rainbow seen from an airplane is a complete circle.
c. Many cultures interpret rainbows in positive ways.
d. Rainbows are cute.
eastward. The belief that you can discover a pot of gold at a rainbow'southward end.

Grouping two
a. too general
b. likewise specific
c. incomplete
d. best topic judgement

Group 3
a. best topic sentence
b. besides specific
c. also specific
d. incomplete
e. besides general

Grouping four
a. incomplete
b. too general
c. also specific
d. best topic sentence

Group 5
a. also specific
b. as well full general
c. best topic sentence
d. too general
eastward. incomplete

Task ii. Write practiced topic sentences for the following paragraphs. Remember to include both a topic and a controlling idea.

Paragraph 1
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________. English speakers relaxing at habitation, for example, may put on kimonos, which is a Japanese word. English speakers who live in a warm climate may have an afternoon siesta on an outdoor patio without realizing that these are Spanish words. In their gardens, they may enjoy the fragrance of jasmine flowers, a word that came into English from Persian. They may fifty-fifty relax on a chaise while snacking on yogurt, words of French and Turkish origin, respectively. At night, they may shampoo their hair and put on pajamas, words from the Hindi language of Republic of india.

Paragraph 2
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________. In European universities, students are not required to nourish classes. In fact, professors in Germany more often than not do not know the names of the students enrolled in their courses. In the United States, nevertheless, students are required to nourish
all classes and may be penalized if they practice non. Furthermore, in the European system, students normally take simply one comprehensive examination at the end of their entire four or five years of study. In the Northward American system, on the other hand, students usually have numerous quizzes, tests, and homework assignments, and they nearly always have to have a final examination in each grade at the end of each semester.

Paragraph 3
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________. For instance, the Eskimos, living in a treeless region of snowfall and ice, sometimes build temporary homes out of thick blocks of ice. People who live in deserts, on the other hand, use the about available materials, mud or clay, which provide good insulation from the oestrus. In Northern Europe, Russia, and other areas of the world where forests are plentiful, people usually construct their homes out of wood. In the islands of the South Pacific, where at that place is an arable supply of bamboo and palm, people employ these tough, gristly plants to build their homes.

Supporting sentences
Поддерживающие предложения

Вспомогательные предложения распространяют (объясняют или доказывают) вводное. Ниже приведены некоторые вспомогательные предложения, которые объясняют вводное предложение о золоте, приведенное выше.

Прежде всего, золото обладает блестящей красотой, устойчивой к коррозии.
Например, македонская монета остается такой же незапятнанной сегодня, как и в тот день, когда она была сделана 25 веков назад.
Другой важной характеристикой золота является его польза для промышленности и науки.
В последнее время золото используется в костюмах космонавтов.

Одна из самых больших проблем в письменных работах студентов заключается в том, что они часто не могут адекватно подтверждать свои идеи конкретными и убедительными доказательствами.

Что вы можете использовать в supporting sentences?

• примеры
• статистика
• цитаты.

Примеры – это, пожалуй, самый простой способ аргументирования: вы можете брать примеры из своих собственных знаний и опыта, а не искать информацию в библиотеке или в Интернете. Кроме того, примеры делают вашу работу яркой, интересной и запоминающейся.

Supporting sentences develop the topic sentence. That is, they explicate or testify the topic judgement past giving more than information virtually information technology. Following are some supporting sentences that explain the topic sentence about gold.

Commencement of all, gold has a lustrous dazzler that is resistant to corrosion.
For example, a Macedonian coin remains as untarnished today every bit the twenty-four hours it was made 25 centuries agone.
Some other important characteristic of gold is its usefulness to industry and scientific discipline.
The most recent use of gold is in astronauts' suits.

I of the biggest problems in student writing is that student writers oftentimes neglect to support their ideas adequately.
They demand to use specific details to be thorough and disarming.
There are several kinds of specific supporting details:

• examples
• statistics
• quotations.

Examples are perchance the easiest kind of supporting detail to use because you can ofttimes take examples from your own cognition and experience. You don't accept to search the library or the Internet for supporting material. Furthermore, examples make your writing lively and interesting, and your reader is more probable to recall your point if you lot back up it with a memorable instance.

Практика / Do

Job 3.

i) Read Paragraphs A and B most blood-red-light running. Find the dissimilar specific supporting details that have been added to Paragraph B.

2) Locate the topic sentence in Paragraph B. Circle the topic and underline the decision-making idea.

3) Which supporting sentences in Paragraph B contain the kinds of details listed below? Give the sentence numbers of each kind.
An example:
A statistic:
A quotation:

Paragraph A: Paragraph without Support
Red-Light Running

Although some people call up that scarlet-light running is a small-scale traffic violation that is no worse than jaywalking, it can, in fact, become a deadly law-breaking. Red-light runners cause accidents all the time. Sometimes people are seriously injured and even killed. It is especially a trouble in rush hr traffic. Everyone is in a hurry to become home, so drivers run red lights everywhere. The police do not do much about it because they are also busy. The simply fourth dimension they pay attention is when at that place is an accident, and and so information technology is too belatedly. In conclusion, running a blood-red calorie-free is a serious offence.

Paragraph B: Paragraph with Support
Red-Light Running

"Although some people think red-light running is a minor traffic violation that is no worse than jaywalking, it tin can, in fact, become a deadly offense. ruby-red-light runners cause hundreds of accidents, including deaths and injuries as well as millions of dollars in damages. Each yr more than 900 people dice, and nearly 200,000 are injured in crashes that involve red-light running. Motorists run cherry lights all the time.
For example, in Fairfax, Virginia, a five-calendar month-Iong survey at 5 decorated intersections revealed that a motorist ran a red calorie-free every 20 minutes. Ruddy-light runners are seldom caught. According to the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, "Communities don't have the resources to allow police to patrol intersections as often as would be needed to ticket all motorists who run red lights" ("Q&A").

Topic sentence: Although some people think red-lite running is a minor traffic violation that is no worse than jaywalkfag, information technology can, in fact, become a deadly offense. Topic: cherry-red-light running. Controlling idea: It tin can become a deadly criminal offence.

An case: judgement 5;

a statistic: judgement 3;

a quotation: judgement 7

Main idea: Our linguistic communication influences our perception. Part of topic sentence that expresses the master idea: "… our perception of the world depends to a great extent on the language nosotros speak."
2. Examples: Eskimo languages have as many every bit 32 words for snow; falling snowfall, snow on the ground, snow packed every bit hard as water ice, slushy snow, current of air-driven snowfall; Aztec language has ane discussion for snow, common cold, and ice.
3. A classic case; for instance

Chore 4. Respond the following questions:

1. What is the primary idea of this paragraph? Underline the part of the topic sentence that expresses the main idea.
two. What examples does the writer use to support this idea? Put brackets [] around them.
3. What words and phrases introduce the examples? Circle them.

Linguistic communication and perception

Although nosotros all possess the aforementioned physical organs for sensing the world eyes for seeing, ears for hearing, noses for smelling, pare for feeling, and mouths for tasting-our perception of the world depends to a great extent on the linguistic communication we speak, according to a famous hypothesis proposed past linguists Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf. They hypothesized that linguistic communication is similar a pair of eyeglasses through which we "run across" the world in a particular way. A classic instance of the relationship betwixt linguistic communication and perception is the word snowfall.Eskimo languages have as many as 32 different words for snow. For instance, the Eskimos have dissimilar words for falling snowfall, snow on the ground, snow packed as hard as water ice, slushy snow, air current-driven snow, and what nosotros might call "cornmeal" snow.The aboriginal Aztec languages of Mexico, in contrast, used only ane word to mean snow, cold, and water ice. Thus, if the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is right and we can perceive only things that nosotros have words for, the Aztecs perceived snow, cold, and ice equally ane and the same phenomenon.

Main thought: Our linguistic communication influences our perception.

Part of the topic sentence that expresses the principal idea: ". . . our perception of the world depends to a great extent on the language nosotros speak."

Examples: Eskimo languages have as many every bit 32 words for snow; falling snow, snow on the ground, snow packed equally hard as ice, slushy snow, wind-driven snowfall; Aztec language has ane word for snowfall, cold, and ice.

A classic example; for instance

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